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<h1>Node.js v12.22.9 Documentation</h1>
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<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="#path_path">Path</a><ul>
<li><a href="#path_windows_vs_posix">Windows vs. POSIX</a></li>
<li><a href="#path_path_basename_path_ext"><code>path.basename(path[, ext])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#path_path_delimiter"><code>path.delimiter</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#path_path_dirname_path"><code>path.dirname(path)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#path_path_extname_path"><code>path.extname(path)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#path_path_format_pathobject"><code>path.format(pathObject)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#path_path_isabsolute_path"><code>path.isAbsolute(path)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#path_path_join_paths"><code>path.join([...paths])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#path_path_normalize_path"><code>path.normalize(path)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#path_path_parse_path"><code>path.parse(path)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#path_path_posix"><code>path.posix</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#path_path_relative_from_to"><code>path.relative(from, to)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#path_path_resolve_paths"><code>path.resolve([...paths])</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#path_path_sep"><code>path.sep</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#path_path_tonamespacedpath_path"><code>path.toNamespacedPath(path)</code></a></li>
<li><a href="#path_path_win32"><code>path.win32</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="apicontent">
<h1>Path<span><a class="mark" href="#path_path" id="path_path">#</a></span></h1>
<!--introduced_in=v0.10.0-->
<blockquote>
<p>Stability: 2 - Stable</p>
</blockquote>
<!-- source_link=lib/path.js -->
<p>The <code>path</code> module provides utilities for working with file and directory paths.
It can be accessed using:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">const path = require('path');
</code></pre>
<h2>Windows vs. POSIX<span><a class="mark" href="#path_windows_vs_posix" id="path_windows_vs_posix">#</a></span></h2>
<p>The default operation of the <code>path</code> module varies based on the operating system
on which a Node.js application is running. Specifically, when running on a
Windows operating system, the <code>path</code> module will assume that Windows-style
paths are being used.</p>
<p>So using <code>path.basename()</code> might yield different results on POSIX and Windows:</p>
<p>On POSIX:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">path.basename('C:\\temp\\myfile.html');
// Returns: 'C:\\temp\\myfile.html'
</code></pre>
<p>On Windows:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">path.basename('C:\\temp\\myfile.html');
// Returns: 'myfile.html'
</code></pre>
<p>To achieve consistent results when working with Windows file paths on any
operating system, use <a href="#path_path_win32"><code>path.win32</code></a>:</p>
<p>On POSIX and Windows:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">path.win32.basename('C:\\temp\\myfile.html');
// Returns: 'myfile.html'
</code></pre>
<p>To achieve consistent results when working with POSIX file paths on any
operating system, use <a href="#path_path_posix"><code>path.posix</code></a>:</p>
<p>On POSIX and Windows:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">path.posix.basename('/tmp/myfile.html');
// Returns: 'myfile.html'
</code></pre>
<p>On Windows Node.js follows the concept of per-drive working directory.
This behavior can be observed when using a drive path without a backslash. For
example, <code>path.resolve('C:\\')</code> can potentially return a different result than
<code>path.resolve('C:')</code>. For more information, see
<a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/FileIO/naming-a-file#fully-qualified-vs-relative-paths">this MSDN page</a>.</p>
<h2><code>path.basename(path[, ext])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_basename_path_ext" id="path_path_basename_path_ext">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v6.0.0</td>
<td><p>Passing a non-string as the <code>path</code> argument will throw now.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.25</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.25</span></p>
</td></tr>
</table>
</details>
</div><ul>
<li><code>path</code> {string}</li>
<li><code>ext</code> {string} An optional file extension</li>
<li>Returns: {string}</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>path.basename()</code> method returns the last portion of a <code>path</code>, similar to
the Unix <code>basename</code> command. Trailing directory separators are ignored, see
<a href="#path_path_sep"><code>path.sep</code></a>.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">path.basename('/foo/bar/baz/asdf/quux.html');
// Returns: 'quux.html'
path.basename('/foo/bar/baz/asdf/quux.html', '.html');
// Returns: 'quux'
</code></pre>
<p>Although Windows usually treats file names, including file extensions, in a
case-insensitive manner, this function does not. For example, <code>C:\\foo.html</code> and
<code>C:\\foo.HTML</code> refer to the same file, but <code>basename</code> treats the extension as a
case-sensitive string:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">path.win32.basename('C:\\foo.html', '.html');
// Returns: 'foo'
path.win32.basename('C:\\foo.HTML', '.html');
// Returns: 'foo.HTML'
</code></pre>
<p>A <a href="errors.html#errors_class_typeerror"><code>TypeError</code></a> is thrown if <code>path</code> is not a string or if <code>ext</code> is given
and is not a string.</p>
<h2><code>path.delimiter</code><span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_delimiter" id="path_path_delimiter">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.9.3</span>
</div><ul>
<li>{string}</li>
</ul>
<p>Provides the platform-specific path delimiter:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>;</code> for Windows</li>
<li><code>:</code> for POSIX</li>
</ul>
<p>For example, on POSIX:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">console.log(process.env.PATH);
// Prints: '/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/usr/local/bin'
process.env.PATH.split(path.delimiter);
// Returns: ['/usr/bin', '/bin', '/usr/sbin', '/sbin', '/usr/local/bin']
</code></pre>
<p>On Windows:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">console.log(process.env.PATH);
// Prints: 'C:\Windows\system32;C:\Windows;C:\Program Files\node\'
process.env.PATH.split(path.delimiter);
// Returns ['C:\\Windows\\system32', 'C:\\Windows', 'C:\\Program Files\\node\\']
</code></pre>
<h2><code>path.dirname(path)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_dirname_path" id="path_path_dirname_path">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v6.0.0</td>
<td><p>Passing a non-string as the <code>path</code> argument will throw now.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.16</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.16</span></p>
</td></tr>
</table>
</details>
</div><ul>
<li><code>path</code> {string}</li>
<li>Returns: {string}</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>path.dirname()</code> method returns the directory name of a <code>path</code>, similar to
the Unix <code>dirname</code> command. Trailing directory separators are ignored, see
<a href="#path_path_sep"><code>path.sep</code></a>.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">path.dirname('/foo/bar/baz/asdf/quux');
// Returns: '/foo/bar/baz/asdf'
</code></pre>
<p>A <a href="errors.html#errors_class_typeerror"><code>TypeError</code></a> is thrown if <code>path</code> is not a string.</p>
<h2><code>path.extname(path)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_extname_path" id="path_path_extname_path">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v6.0.0</td>
<td><p>Passing a non-string as the <code>path</code> argument will throw now.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.1.25</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.1.25</span></p>
</td></tr>
</table>
</details>
</div><ul>
<li><code>path</code> {string}</li>
<li>Returns: {string}</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>path.extname()</code> method returns the extension of the <code>path</code>, from the last
occurrence of the <code>.</code> (period) character to end of string in the last portion of
the <code>path</code>. If there is no <code>.</code> in the last portion of the <code>path</code>, or if
there are no <code>.</code> characters other than the first character of
the basename of <code>path</code> (see <code>path.basename()</code>) , an empty string is returned.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">path.extname('index.html');
// Returns: '.html'
path.extname('index.coffee.md');
// Returns: '.md'
path.extname('index.');
// Returns: '.'
path.extname('index');
// Returns: ''
path.extname('.index');
// Returns: ''
path.extname('.index.md');
// Returns: '.md'
</code></pre>
<p>A <a href="errors.html#errors_class_typeerror"><code>TypeError</code></a> is thrown if <code>path</code> is not a string.</p>
<h2><code>path.format(pathObject)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_format_pathobject" id="path_path_format_pathobject">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.11.15</span>
</div><ul>
<li><code>pathObject</code> {Object}<ul>
<li><code>dir</code> {string}</li>
<li><code>root</code> {string}</li>
<li><code>base</code> {string}</li>
<li><code>name</code> {string}</li>
<li><code>ext</code> {string}</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Returns: {string}</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>path.format()</code> method returns a path string from an object. This is the
opposite of <a href="#path_path_parse_path"><code>path.parse()</code></a>.</p>
<p>When providing properties to the <code>pathObject</code> remember that there are
combinations where one property has priority over another:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>pathObject.root</code> is ignored if <code>pathObject.dir</code> is provided</li>
<li><code>pathObject.ext</code> and <code>pathObject.name</code> are ignored if <code>pathObject.base</code> exists</li>
</ul>
<p>For example, on POSIX:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">// If `dir`, `root` and `base` are provided,
// `${dir}${path.sep}${base}`
// will be returned. `root` is ignored.
path.format({
root: '/ignored',
dir: '/home/user/dir',
base: 'file.txt'
});
// Returns: '/home/user/dir/file.txt'
// `root` will be used if `dir` is not specified.
// If only `root` is provided or `dir` is equal to `root` then the
// platform separator will not be included. `ext` will be ignored.
path.format({
root: '/',
base: 'file.txt',
ext: 'ignored'
});
// Returns: '/file.txt'
// `name` + `ext` will be used if `base` is not specified.
path.format({
root: '/',
name: 'file',
ext: '.txt'
});
// Returns: '/file.txt'
</code></pre>
<p>On Windows:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">path.format({
dir: 'C:\\path\\dir',
base: 'file.txt'
});
// Returns: 'C:\\path\\dir\\file.txt'
</code></pre>
<h2><code>path.isAbsolute(path)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_isabsolute_path" id="path_path_isabsolute_path">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.11.2</span>
</div><ul>
<li><code>path</code> {string}</li>
<li>Returns: {boolean}</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>path.isAbsolute()</code> method determines if <code>path</code> is an absolute path.</p>
<p>If the given <code>path</code> is a zero-length string, <code>false</code> will be returned.</p>
<p>For example, on POSIX:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">path.isAbsolute('/foo/bar'); // true
path.isAbsolute('/baz/..'); // true
path.isAbsolute('qux/'); // false
path.isAbsolute('.'); // false
</code></pre>
<p>On Windows:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">path.isAbsolute('//server'); // true
path.isAbsolute('\\\\server'); // true
path.isAbsolute('C:/foo/..'); // true
path.isAbsolute('C:\\foo\\..'); // true
path.isAbsolute('bar\\baz'); // false
path.isAbsolute('bar/baz'); // false
path.isAbsolute('.'); // false
</code></pre>
<p>A <a href="errors.html#errors_class_typeerror"><code>TypeError</code></a> is thrown if <code>path</code> is not a string.</p>
<h2><code>path.join([...paths])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_join_paths" id="path_path_join_paths">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.16</span>
</div><ul>
<li><code>...paths</code> {string} A sequence of path segments</li>
<li>Returns: {string}</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>path.join()</code> method joins all given <code>path</code> segments together using the
platform-specific separator as a delimiter, then normalizes the resulting path.</p>
<p>Zero-length <code>path</code> segments are ignored. If the joined path string is a
zero-length string then <code>'.'</code> will be returned, representing the current
working directory.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">path.join('/foo', 'bar', 'baz/asdf', 'quux', '..');
// Returns: '/foo/bar/baz/asdf'
path.join('foo', {}, 'bar');
// Throws 'TypeError: Path must be a string. Received {}'
</code></pre>
<p>A <a href="errors.html#errors_class_typeerror"><code>TypeError</code></a> is thrown if any of the path segments is not a string.</p>
<h2><code>path.normalize(path)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_normalize_path" id="path_path_normalize_path">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.1.23</span>
</div><ul>
<li><code>path</code> {string}</li>
<li>Returns: {string}</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>path.normalize()</code> method normalizes the given <code>path</code>, resolving <code>'..'</code> and
<code>'.'</code> segments.</p>
<p>When multiple, sequential path segment separation characters are found (e.g.
<code>/</code> on POSIX and either <code>\</code> or <code>/</code> on Windows), they are replaced by a single
instance of the platform-specific path segment separator (<code>/</code> on POSIX and
<code>\</code> on Windows). Trailing separators are preserved.</p>
<p>If the <code>path</code> is a zero-length string, <code>'.'</code> is returned, representing the
current working directory.</p>
<p>For example, on POSIX:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">path.normalize('/foo/bar//baz/asdf/quux/..');
// Returns: '/foo/bar/baz/asdf'
</code></pre>
<p>On Windows:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">path.normalize('C:\\temp\\\\foo\\bar\\..\\');
// Returns: 'C:\\temp\\foo\\'
</code></pre>
<p>Since Windows recognizes multiple path separators, both separators will be
replaced by instances of the Windows preferred separator (<code>\</code>):</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">path.win32.normalize('C:////temp\\\\/\\/\\/foo/bar');
// Returns: 'C:\\temp\\foo\\bar'
</code></pre>
<p>A <a href="errors.html#errors_class_typeerror"><code>TypeError</code></a> is thrown if <code>path</code> is not a string.</p>
<h2><code>path.parse(path)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_parse_path" id="path_path_parse_path">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.11.15</span>
</div><ul>
<li><code>path</code> {string}</li>
<li>Returns: {Object}</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>path.parse()</code> method returns an object whose properties represent
significant elements of the <code>path</code>. Trailing directory separators are ignored,
see <a href="#path_path_sep"><code>path.sep</code></a>.</p>
<p>The returned object will have the following properties:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>dir</code> {string}</li>
<li><code>root</code> {string}</li>
<li><code>base</code> {string}</li>
<li><code>name</code> {string}</li>
<li><code>ext</code> {string}</li>
</ul>
<p>For example, on POSIX:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">path.parse('/home/user/dir/file.txt');
// Returns:
// { root: '/',
// dir: '/home/user/dir',
// base: 'file.txt',
// ext: '.txt',
// name: 'file' }
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-text">┌─────────────────────┬────────────┐
│ dir │ base │
├──────┬ ├──────┬─────┤
│ root │ │ name │ ext │
" / home/user/dir / file .txt "
└──────┴──────────────┴──────┴─────┘
(All spaces in the "" line should be ignored. They are purely for formatting.)
</code></pre>
<p>On Windows:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">path.parse('C:\\path\\dir\\file.txt');
// Returns:
// { root: 'C:\\',
// dir: 'C:\\path\\dir',
// base: 'file.txt',
// ext: '.txt',
// name: 'file' }
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="language-text">┌─────────────────────┬────────────┐
│ dir │ base │
├──────┬ ├──────┬─────┤
│ root │ │ name │ ext │
" C:\ path\dir \ file .txt "
└──────┴──────────────┴──────┴─────┘
(All spaces in the "" line should be ignored. They are purely for formatting.)
</code></pre>
<p>A <a href="errors.html#errors_class_typeerror"><code>TypeError</code></a> is thrown if <code>path</code> is not a string.</p>
<h2><code>path.posix</code><span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_posix" id="path_path_posix">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.11.15</span>
</div><ul>
<li>{Object}</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>path.posix</code> property provides access to POSIX specific implementations
of the <code>path</code> methods.</p>
<h2><code>path.relative(from, to)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_relative_from_to" id="path_path_relative_from_to">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<details class="changelog"><summary>History</summary>
<table>
<tr><th>Version</th><th>Changes</th></tr>
<tr><td>v6.8.0</td>
<td><p>On Windows, the leading slashes for UNC paths are now included in the return value.</p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>v0.5.0</td>
<td><p><span>Added in: v0.5.0</span></p>
</td></tr>
</table>
</details>
</div><ul>
<li><code>from</code> {string}</li>
<li><code>to</code> {string}</li>
<li>Returns: {string}</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>path.relative()</code> method returns the relative path from <code>from</code> to <code>to</code> based
on the current working directory. If <code>from</code> and <code>to</code> each resolve to the same
path (after calling <code>path.resolve()</code> on each), a zero-length string is returned.</p>
<p>If a zero-length string is passed as <code>from</code> or <code>to</code>, the current working
directory will be used instead of the zero-length strings.</p>
<p>For example, on POSIX:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">path.relative('/data/orandea/test/aaa', '/data/orandea/impl/bbb');
// Returns: '../../impl/bbb'
</code></pre>
<p>On Windows:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">path.relative('C:\\orandea\\test\\aaa', 'C:\\orandea\\impl\\bbb');
// Returns: '..\\..\\impl\\bbb'
</code></pre>
<p>A <a href="errors.html#errors_class_typeerror"><code>TypeError</code></a> is thrown if either <code>from</code> or <code>to</code> is not a string.</p>
<h2><code>path.resolve([...paths])</code><span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_resolve_paths" id="path_path_resolve_paths">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.3.4</span>
</div><ul>
<li><code>...paths</code> {string} A sequence of paths or path segments</li>
<li>Returns: {string}</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>path.resolve()</code> method resolves a sequence of paths or path segments into
an absolute path.</p>
<p>The given sequence of paths is processed from right to left, with each
subsequent <code>path</code> prepended until an absolute path is constructed.
For instance, given the sequence of path segments: <code>/foo</code>, <code>/bar</code>, <code>baz</code>,
calling <code>path.resolve('/foo', '/bar', 'baz')</code> would return <code>/bar/baz</code>
because <code>'baz'</code> is not an absolute path but <code>'/bar' + '/' + 'baz'</code> is.</p>
<p>If, after processing all given <code>path</code> segments, an absolute path has not yet
been generated, the current working directory is used.</p>
<p>The resulting path is normalized and trailing slashes are removed unless the
path is resolved to the root directory.</p>
<p>Zero-length <code>path</code> segments are ignored.</p>
<p>If no <code>path</code> segments are passed, <code>path.resolve()</code> will return the absolute path
of the current working directory.</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">path.resolve('/foo/bar', './baz');
// Returns: '/foo/bar/baz'
path.resolve('/foo/bar', '/tmp/file/');
// Returns: '/tmp/file'
path.resolve('wwwroot', 'static_files/png/', '../gif/image.gif');
// If the current working directory is /home/myself/node,
// this returns '/home/myself/node/wwwroot/static_files/gif/image.gif'
</code></pre>
<p>A <a href="errors.html#errors_class_typeerror"><code>TypeError</code></a> is thrown if any of the arguments is not a string.</p>
<h2><code>path.sep</code><span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_sep" id="path_path_sep">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.7.9</span>
</div><ul>
<li>{string}</li>
</ul>
<p>Provides the platform-specific path segment separator:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>\</code> on Windows</li>
<li><code>/</code> on POSIX</li>
</ul>
<p>For example, on POSIX:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">'foo/bar/baz'.split(path.sep);
// Returns: ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']
</code></pre>
<p>On Windows:</p>
<pre><code class="language-js">'foo\\bar\\baz'.split(path.sep);
// Returns: ['foo', 'bar', 'baz']
</code></pre>
<p>On Windows, both the forward slash (<code>/</code>) and backward slash (<code>\</code>) are accepted
as path segment separators; however, the <code>path</code> methods only add backward
slashes (<code>\</code>).</p>
<h2><code>path.toNamespacedPath(path)</code><span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_tonamespacedpath_path" id="path_path_tonamespacedpath_path">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v9.0.0</span>
</div><ul>
<li><code>path</code> {string}</li>
<li>Returns: {string}</li>
</ul>
<p>On Windows systems only, returns an equivalent <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/desktop/FileIO/naming-a-file#namespaces">namespace-prefixed path</a> for
the given <code>path</code>. If <code>path</code> is not a string, <code>path</code> will be returned without
modifications.</p>
<p>This method is meaningful only on Windows systems. On POSIX systems, the
method is non-operational and always returns <code>path</code> without modifications.</p>
<h2><code>path.win32</code><span><a class="mark" href="#path_path_win32" id="path_path_win32">#</a></span></h2>
<div class="api_metadata">
<span>Added in: v0.11.15</span>
</div><ul>
<li>{Object}</li>
</ul>
<p>The <code>path.win32</code> property provides access to Windows-specific implementations
of the <code>path</code> methods.</p>
<!-- API END -->
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